![]() An earlier study demonstrated that happy and sad excerpts can be distinguished with respiration rate ( Etzel et al., 2006). A similar symmetry property of music in physiological activities has been observed on other emotional axes such as happiness and sadness. Listening to relaxing music suppresses stress-induced increases in heart rate ( Knight and Rickard, 2001) and increases the amplitude of the high-frequency (HF) component of HRV, which is an index of parasympathetic nerve activity ( Zhou et al., 2010). Listening to self-selected music that can cause chills induces increases in heart rate and respiration rate ( Salimpoor et al., 2009, 2011). Psychophysiological studies have revealed that music-induced emotions are strongly associated with the modulation of the physiological system, which typically includes changes in heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV), and respiration rate. Psychological studies have revealed that music listening induces emotions and changes in moods ( Blood et al., 1999 Nayak et al., 2000 Murrock and Higgins, 2009 Koelsch and Jancke, 2015). Listening to music can elicit many kinds of emotional responses in humans ( Chanda and Levitin, 2013 Koelsch, 2014). These results suggest that the presence of 3D-SF enhances changes in mood, felt emotion for music, and respiration rate when listening to music. We found that the increase in respiration rate, the degree of decrease in well-being, and unpleasantness for both pieces in the 3D-SF condition were greater than in the HD condition. The participants rated their felt moods before and after they listened to music, and after they listened, they also rated their felt emotion. We measured the respiration rate and heart rate of participants listening to acousmonium and pipe organ music. Therefore, music in the HD condition was auditorily as rich in information as that in the 3D-SF condition, but the 3D-sound field surrounding listeners was absent. Music in the 3D-SF condition was binaurally recorded through a dummy head in the BoSC reproduction room and reproduced with headphones in the HD condition. We used a 3D-SF reproduction system based on the boundary surface control principle (BoSC system) to reproduce a sound field of music in the 3D-SF condition. Here, we examined this hypothesis by evaluating differences between a reproduction condition with headphones (HD condition) and one with a 3D-SF reproduction system (3D-SF condition). We hypothesized that the presence of a 3D-SF when listening to music facilitates listeners’ moods, emotions for music, and physiological activities such as respiration rate. However, it is still unclear whether music listened to in the presence of 3D-SF is more impressive than in the absence of it. ![]() ![]() ![]() In addition, technologies for three-dimensional sound field (3D-SF) reproduction and binaural recording have been developed to induce a realistic sensation of sound. Many studies have investigated the effects of music listening from the viewpoint of music features such as tempo or key by measuring psychological or psychophysiological responses. ![]()
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